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Environmental Best Management Practices for Virginia's Golf Courses

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Who We Are
Introduction
Introduction Overview
Best Management Practices
Pollution Prevention
Water Conservation
Protecting Habitat
Pollinators
Individual Facility BMPs
Conclusion
1 Planning, Design, and Construction
1 Planning, Design, and Construction Overview
1.1 Regulatory Considerations
1.2 Overview
1.3 Wetlands and Floodplains
1.4 Drainage
1.5 Stormwater Management
1.6 Habitat Considerations
1.7 Turfgrass Establishment
1.8 External Certification Programs
1.9 Planning, Design, and Construction Best Management Practices
2 Irrigation
2 Irrigation Overview
2.1 Regulatory Considerations
2.2 Water Conservation and Efficient Use Planning
2.3 Drought Resistance
2.4 Irrigation Water Supply
2.5 Irrigation System Design
2.6 Irrigation Pumping Stations
2.7 Irrigation System Installation
2.8 Irrigation System Maintenance and Performance
2.9 Irrigation Management Decisions
2.10 Irrigation Best Management Practices
3 Water Management
3 Water Management Overview
3.1 Regulatory Considerations
3.2 Stormwater Management
3.3 Flood Recovery
3.4 Wetlands
3.5 Floodplains
3.6 Lakes and Ponds
3.7 Groundwater Management
3.8 Water Management Best Management Practices
4 Water Quality Monitoring
4 Water Quality Monitoring Overview
4.1 Existing Water Quality Information
4.2 Developing a Water Quality Monitoring Program
4.3 Interpreting Water Quality Testing Results
4.4 Water Quality Monitoring Best Management Practices
5 Nutrient Management
5 Nutrient Management Overview
5.1 Regulatory Considerations
5.2 Soil Testing
5.3 Soil pH
5.4 Plant Tissue Analysis
5.5 Fertilizers Used in Golf Course Management
5.6 Nitrogen
5.7 Phosphorus
5.8 Potassium
5.9 Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur
5.10 Micronutrients
5.11 Managing Soil pH
5.12 Nutrient Application Programs and Strategies
5.13 Application Equipment
5.14 Nutrient Management Best Management Practices
6 Cultural Practices
6 Cultural Practices Overview
6.1 Mowing
6.2 Aeration
6.3 Surface Cultivation
6.4 Topdressing
6.5 Overseeding
6.6 Rolling
6.7 Wetting Agents
6.8 Plant Growth Regulators
6.9 Cultural Practices Best Management Practices
7 Integrated Pest Management
7 Integrated Pest Management Overview
7.1 Regulatory Considerations
7.2 IPM Overview
7.3 Monitoring Pests and Recording Information
7.4 Identifying and Understanding Pests
7.5 Determining Threshold Levels
7.6 Control Methods
7.7 Evaluation and Record Keeping
7.8 IPM Best Management Practices
8 Pesticide Management
8 Pesticide Management Overview
8.1 Regulatory Considerations
8.2 Human Health Risks
8.3 Personal Protective Equipment
8.4 Environmental Fate and Transport
8.5 Water Quality
8.6 Pesticide Application Equipment and Calibration
8.7 Pesticide Record Keeping
8.8 Pesticide Storage and Handling
8.9 Transportation
8.10 Mixing/Washing Station
8.11 Disposal
8.12 Pesticide Container Management
8.13 Emergency Preparedness and Spill Response
8.14 Pesticide Management Best Management Practices
9 Pollinator Protection
9 Pollinator Protection Overview
9.1 Regulatory Considerations
9.2 Pest Management Practices
9.3 Preserving and Enhancing Habitat on the Course
9.4 Managed Hives
9.5 Pollinator Protection Best Management Practices
10 Maintenance Operations
10 Maintenance Operations Overview
10.1 Regulatory Considerations
10.2 Storage and Handling of Fertilizers
10.3 Equipment Washing
10.4 Equipment Storage and Maintenance
10.5 Fueling Facilities
10.6 Waste Handling
10.7 Maintenance Operations Best Management Practices
11 Landscape Design and Management
11 Landscape Design and Management Overview
11.1 Planning and Design
11.2 Site Inventory and Assessment
11.3 Plant Selection
11.4 Installation
11.5 Irrigation
11.6 Use of Mulch
11.7 Pruning
11.8 Pest Management
11.9 Native Areas Establishment and Maintenance
11.10 Landscape Best Management Practices
12 Energy
12 Energy Overview
12.1 Energy Audits and Evaluation
12.2 Energy Efficiency Improvements
12.3 Green and Alternative Energy
12.4 Energy Best Management Practices
GCSAA BMP Planning Guide
Facility BMP Guide

 

Environmental Best Management Practices for Virginia's Golf Courses

References

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Day, Eric. Native and Solitary Bees in Virginia. Virginia Cooperative Extension. 2015.
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Duncan, Ron R., Robert N. Carrow, and Mike Huck. “Understanding Water Quality and Guidelines to Management.” United States Golf Association Green Section Record. 38.5 (2000): 14-24.
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Ervin, Erik and Adam Nichols. “Organic Matter Dilution Programs for Sand-based Putting Greens in Virginia” United States Golf Association Green Section Record. 48.16 (2010). http://gsrpdf.lib.msu.edu/ticpdf.py?file=/article/ervin-nichols-organic-9-24-10.pdf

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French, Lisa, and Jim Parkhurst. Managing Wildlife Damage: Canada Goose (Branta canadensis). Virginia Cooperative Extension. 2009.
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Heffernan, Kevin. Managing Invasive Alien Plants in Natural Areas, Parks, and Small Woodlands. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 1998.
https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/document/mnginv.pdf

Heffernan, Kevin, E. Engle, and C. Richardson. Virginia Invasive Plant Species List. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2014.
https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/invsppdflist

Hong, Chuan, and Eric Day. 2020 Pest Management Guide: Horticultural and Forest Crops. Virginia Cooperative Extension. 2020.
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Hygnstrom, Jan R., Clyde L. Ogg, Erin C. Bauer, Pierce J. Hansen, and Anne M. Streich. Integrated Pest Management for Landscapes. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. 2013.
http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec1266.pdf

Kreuser, Bill. “Looking at GDD: The Perils of PGR Over-Regulation.” Golfdom. April 2016.
http://digital.golfdom.com/apr2016#&pageSet=16&contentItem=0

Kruger, Greg R., Robert N. Klein, Clyde L. Ogg and Bruno C. Vieira. Spray Drift of Pesticides. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. 2019.
http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/g1773.pdf

Landschoot, Peter. Calibrating Your Fertilizer Spreader. Pennsylvania State University Extension. 2018.
https://extension.psu.edu/calibrating-your-fertilizer-spreader

Landschoot, Peter. Irrigation Water Quality Guidelines for Turfgrass Sites. Pennsylvania State University Extension. 2016.
https://extension.psu.edu/irrigation-water-quality-guidelines-for-turfgrass-sites

Moisset, Beatriz, and Stephen Buchmann. Bee Basics: An Introduction to Our Native Bees. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service and Pollinator Partnership. 2011.
https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5306468.pdf

New York Golf Course Foundation and Cornell University. Diagnosis and Decision Making for Sustainable Annual Bluegrass Weevil Management. New York Golf Course Foundation and Cornell University. 2019.
http://nysgolfbmp.cals.cornell.edu/annual_bluegrass_weevils_2019/

Niemiera, Alex X. Diagnosing Plant Problems. Virginia Cooperative Extension. 2018.
https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_edu/426/426-714/426-714.pdf

Niemiera, Alex X. Selecting Landscape Plants: Groundcovers, Virginia Cooperative Extension. 2018.
https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_edu/426/426-609/426-609.pdf

PACE Turf. Minimum Levels for Sustainable Nutrition (MLSN) Soil Guidelines. PACE Turf and Asian Turfgrass Center. 2014.
https://www.paceturf.org/PTRI/Documents/1202_ref.pdf

Puckett, Greg J., Clyde L. Ogg, Robert N. Klein, and Cheryl A. Alberts. Cleaning Pesticide Application Equipment. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. 2018.
http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/g1770.pdf

Reicher, Z.J., E.A. Kohler, V.L. Poole, and R.F. Turco. 2005. Constructed wetlands on golf courses help manage runoff from the course and surrounding areas. USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Online. 4(2): 1-14.
https://usgatero.msu.edu/v04/n02.pdf

Relf, Diane, and Bonnie Appleton. Selecting Landscape Plants: Shade Trees. Virginia Cooperative Extension. 2015.
https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_edu/426/426-610/426-610_pdf.pdf

Sallenave, Rossana. Stream Biomonitoring Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates. New Mexico State University Cooperative Extension Service. 2015.
http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/CR677.pdf

Shepherd, Matthew. Making Room for Native Pollinators / How to Create Habitat for Pollinator Insects on Golf Courses. United States Golf Association. 2002.
https://www.usga.org/content/dam/usga/pdf/imported/making_room_for_pollinators_usga1.pdf

United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. Five Keys to Successful Grass Seeding. USDA NRCS. 2010.
https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/ndpmcbr04959.pdf

United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. Rain Gardens. USDA NRCS. 2005.
https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_011366.pdf

United States Golf Association. A Guide to Constructing the USGA Putting Green. USGA. 2015.
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United States Golf Association Green Section Record. Understanding Wetting Agents. USGA. 2018.
https://cloud.3dissue.com/73035/73358/216674/UnderstandingWettingAgents/index.html

United States Golf Association Green Section Record. “When Trees and Grass Compete, Trees Win.” USGA. 55.24 (2017).
https://www.usga.org/course-care/forethegolfer/2017/when-trees-and-grass-compete–trees-win.html

Virginia Cooperative Extension. Mulching for a Healthy Landscape. Virginia Cooperative Extension. 2017.
https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_edu/426/426-724/426-724.pdf

Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Virginia’s Voluntary Plan to Mitigate the Risk of Pesticides to Managed Pollinators. Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 2017.
http://www.vdacs.virginia.gov/pdf/BMP-plan.pdf

Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Riparian Buffers Modification & Mitigation Guidance Manual. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2003.
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55c211c8e4b06ea5799e6c03/t/56098ce1e4b080746e848fbf/1443466465396/DCR-BufferManual_06Rev.pdf

Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. The Virginia Stream Restoration & Stabilization Best Management Practices Guide. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2004.
https://www.deq.virginia.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/7085/637521938606770000

Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. Virginia Nutrient Management Standards and Criteria. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2014.
https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/document/standardsandcriteria.pdf

Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation and the Virginia Native Plant Society. Native Plants for Conservation, Restoration & Landscaping. Virginia DCR and Virginia Native Plant Society. 2011.
https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/document/riparian-nat-plants.pdf

Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. 1992.
https://www.deq.virginia.gov/water/stormwater/esc-handbook

Virginia Golf Course Superintendents Association. Environmental Best Management Practices for Virginia’s Golf Courses, 1st Edition. Virginia Golf Course Superintendents Association. 2012.
https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_edu/ANR/ANR-48/ANR-48_pdf.pdf

Virginia Prescribed Fire Council. Beyond the Bonfire: A Primer on Prescribed Fire for Virginia’s Private Landowners. Virginia Prescribed Fire Council.
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Whitford, Fred, et al. The Impact of Water Quality on Pesticide Performance. Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service. 2009.
https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ppp/ppp-86.pdf

Whitlark, Brian, and Cole Thompson. “Light and Frequent Topdressing Programs.” USGA Green Section Record. 57.9 (2019): 1-8.
http://gsrpdf.lib.msu.edu/ticpdf.py?file=/article/whitlark-thompson-light-5-3-19.pdf

Woods, Micah. MLSN Cheat Sheet. Asian Turfgrass Center. 2018.
http://files.asianturfgrass.com/mlsn_cheat_sheet.pdf

Xerces Society. Pollinator Plants: Mid-Atlantic Region. Xerces Society. 2017.
https://xerces.org/publications/plant-lists/pollinator-plants-mid-atlantic-region

Xerces Society, Monarch Joint Venture, and National Wildlife Federation. Monarch Nectar Plants: Mid-Atlantic. Xerces Society, Monarch Joint Venture, and National Wildlife Federation.
https://xerces.org/publications/plant-lists/monarch-nectar-plants-mid-atlantic



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